Senin, 30 Juli 2012

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

The degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan) berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu :
1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)
2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)
3. The superlative (tingkat paling)
1) Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan beberapa kata sifat bersuku kata dua dapat dibentuk comparative dengan menambahkan er atau r, dan superlative dengan menambahkan -est atau -st.
a) Jika positive berakhir dalam dua huruf mati atau dalam satu huruf mati yang didahului oleh dua huruf hidup, er dan est ditambahkan
Positive
thick
long
short
Comparative
thicker
longer
shorter
Superlative
thickest
longest
shortest
b) Jika positive berakhir dalam satu huruf mati dan huruf mati itu didahului oleh sebuah vokal pendek, huruf mati terakhir digandakan kemudian ditambahkan er dan est
Positive
big = besar
wet = basah
hot = panas
Comparative
bigger = lebih besar
wetter = lebih basah
hotter = lebih panas
Superlative
biggest = terbesar
wettest = terbasah
hottest = terpanas
2) Kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua – two syllables (yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata awal) atau lebih, ditambahkan more untuk membentuk comperatives dan most untuk superlatives
Positive
famous = terkenal
useful = berguna
beautiful = cantik
Comparative
more famous
more useful
more beautiful
Superlative
most famous
most useful
most beautiful
3) Beberapa kata sifat dibentuk dengan cara tak beraturan (irregular) untuk comparatives dan superlatives
Positive
fore
bad
ill
evil
good
hind
late
late
little
much
nigh
old
old
near
Comparative
former
worse
worse
worse
better
hinder
later
latter
less
more
nigher
older
elder
nearer
Superlative
foremost,first worst
worst
worst
best
hindmost
latest
last
least
most
nighest,next
oldest
eldest
nearest
Catatan 1 :
a) Former = yang terlebih dahulu/tadi ; yang pertama (di antara dua benda).
Contoh: I prefer the former fabric. Saya lebih menyukai kain yang terlebih dahulu
Of the two methods I prefer the former. Diantara kedua metoda itu saya lebih menyukai yang pertama
b) Later = yang belakangan
Contoh: I will take the later plane. Saya mau naik kapal terbang yang belakangan
c) Latter = yang belakangan/yang terakhir (di antara dua benda)
Contoh: I will take the latter book. Saya mau membeli buku yang terakhir (di antara dua buah buku)
d) Latest = yang belakangan/yang terakhir sampai sekarang
Contoh: What is the latest news of the war? bagaimanakah kabar terbaru (terakhir) perang itu?
e) Last = yang terakhir (yang paling akhir/penghabisan)
Contoh: This is our last opportunity. Inilah kesempatan terakhir kita
Z is the last letter of the alphabet. Z adalah huruf terakhir abjad
Penjelasan :
Later berarti yang belakangan atau lebih lambat, menunjuk pada waktu
Contoh: She came to school later than I. Ia datang ke sekolah lebih lambat daripada saya
Latter menunjuk pada urutan yang kedua di antara dua hal atau benda yang baru saja disebut
Contoh: Alexandria and Cairo are large cities; the latter has a population of over a million.
Alexandria dan Kairo adalah kota besar ; yang belakangan (yaitu Kairo) mempunyai penduduk lebih dari satu juta orang
Latest berarti yang terakhir sampai sekarang, sedangkan last berarti yang paling terakhir atau
penghabisan.
Jika kita katakan :
Did you read Mr. Green’s latest book? apakah anda membaca buku terakhir/terbaru Tuan Green?
Ini berarti bahwa Tn. Green boleh jadi akan mengarang lagi buku lain.
Kalau kita katakan :
Did you read Mr. Green’s last book? apakah anda membaca buku terakhir Tn. Green?
Ini berarti bahwa Tn. Green tidak atau tidak akan menulis buku lain lagi setelah buku yang dimaksudkan tadi.
4) Ada enam buah kata adverbs (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk positive degrees, tetapi adjectives (kata sifat) dalam bentuk comparative dan supelative
Positive
fore
far
in
out
neath
up
Comparative
further
farther
inner
outer
nether
upper
Superlative
furthest
farthest
innermost, inmost
uttermost, utmost
nethermost
uppermost
5) Kata-kata sifat tertentu tidak dapat diperbandingkan
perfect = sempurna
unique = unik
supreme = tertinggi
preferable = lebih baik
natural = alamiah
right = benar
wrong = salah
etc.
POSITIVE DEGREE (tingkat positif) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu itu sama tingkatannya. Perbandingan untuk sesuatu yang tingkatannya sama digunakan as … as.
Contoh: Ali is 1,6 meters and Anwar is also 1,6 meters.
Ali is AS TALL AS Anwar.
This book cost Rp. 2.000,-. That book costs Rp. 2.000,-
This book is AS EXPENSIVE AS that one
Bentuk negatif dari perbandingan ini adalah sebagai berikut:
Contoh: Jakarta is not AS WARM AS Surabaya.
Rumus :
as + positive + as
no less + positive + than
not more + positive + than
Contoh:
This girl is as clever as that. Anak perempuan ini sepandai anak perempuan itu
This girl is no less clever than that. Anak perempuan ini sama pandainya dengan anak perempuan itu
That girl is not more clever than this. Gadis itu tidak lebih pandai daripada gadis ini
(berarti gadis itu dan gadis ini sama pandainya)
B. COMPARATIVE DEGREE digunakan apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan tidak sama dalam hal sifat yang tertentu Yang satu lebih dari yang lain. Tingkat perbandingan dinyatakan dengan menggunakan “-er” jika kata sifat itu hanya memiliki satu suku kata (one syllable) serta di tambah kata “than.”
Contoh: Handi is TALLER than Anton
A train is FASTER than a bus
Jika kata sifat itu diakhiri dengan le, r, ow, y, maka tambahkan “-er”. Jika kata sifat diakhiri dengan “y”, maka berubah menjadi “ier.”
Contoh: This problem is simpler than the one we had yesterday.
The street in front of my house is narrower than this one.
Comparative degree yang menggunakan lebih dari satu suku kata (two or more syllables) digunakan “more.” Suku kata maksudnya beautiful = beau-ti-ful (3 suku kata); expensive = ex-pen-sive (tiga suku kata), useful = use-ful (dua suku kata)
Contoh: TV Program are more interesting than radio program.
My trousers are more expensive than yours.
Rumus :
comparative + than
Contoh:
Lisa is taller than her sister. Lisa lebih tinggi daripada saudara perempuannya PERHATIKAN!
Aturan untukk dua suku kata (two syllabels) lebih rumit. Beberapa adjective membentuk comparative and superlative dengan –er, -est., beberapa dengan more, most, yang lainnya boleh kedua-duanya.
Two-syllable adjectives dengan –er, -est
1. Adjective berakhiran –y yang didahului oleh konsonan
Contoh: pretty – prettier, dirty – dirtier, noisy – noisier, happy – happier, unhappy – unhappier
2. Adjective berakhiran –ple, -ble, dan biasanya –tle, -dle
Contoh: simple – simpler, noble – nobler, humble – humbler, subtle – subtler, idle – idler
Two-syllable adjective dengan more, most
1. Sebagian besar adjective berakhir suffix derivatif: -ous, -ish, -ful, -ing, -ed, etc.
Contoh: more famous, more useful, more childish, more interesting, more tired
2. Sebagian besar adjective berakhiran –ct, -nt, -st
Contoh: more exact, more recent, more honest, more urgent
Two-Syllable adjective dengan –er, -est or more, most (yang bentuk –er, -est kurang formal)
1. Adjective berakhiran –er: cleverer, tenderer, bitterer
2. Adjective berakhiran –ow: narrower, shallower, mellower
3. Adjective berakhiran –some: hansomer, wholesomer, lonesomer
4. Others: penekanan pada suku kata pertama: pleasanter, crueler, quieter, stupider
Penekanan pada suku kata kedua: politer, profounder, remoter, obscurer, sincerer, severer, securer
C. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (tingkat superlative) yaitu apabila seseorang atau sebuah benda dikatakan melebihi atau mengungguli semua orang atau benda yang lain yang sama macamnya, kita menggunakan superlative degree dengan the … of.
Ketika kata sifat terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata, digunakan dengan menambahkan “est.”
Contoh: The Wisma Nusantara building is THE TALLEST building in Jakarta.
An elephant is THE BIGGEST animal nowadays.
Ketika kata sifat berakhir dengan “y”, maka tingkat superlative berubah menjadi “iest.”
Contoh: Today is THE HAPPIEST day for me. It’s my birthday.
I don’t know which is THE HEAVIEST metal.
Kata sifat yang lebih dari dua suku kata menggunakan “MOST.”

passive voice


Passive Voice
 Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Examples of Passive


Tense
Subject

Verb

Object







Simple Present

Active:
 Rita

writes

a letter.
Passive:
 A letter

is written

by Rita.
Simple Past

Active:
 Rita

wrote

a letter.
Passive:
 A letter

was written

by Rita.
Present Perfect


Active:
 Rita

has written

a letter.
Passive:
 A letter

has been written

by Rita.
Future I

Active:
 Rita

will write

a letter.
Passive:
 A letter

will be written

by Rita.
Hilfsverben

Active:
 Rita

can write

a letter.
Passive:
 A letter

can be written

by Rita.




Examples of Passive


Tense
Subject
Verb
Object
Present Progressive

Past Progressive

Past Perfect

Future II

Conditional I

Conditional II
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
is writing
is being written
was writing
was being written
had written
had been written
will have written
will have been written
would write
would be written
would have written
would have been written
a letter.
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.
a letter.
by Rita.





Passive Sentences with Two Objects


Subject
Verb
Object 1
Object 2
Active:
Passive:
Passive:
Rita
A letter
I
Wrote
was written
was written
a letter
to me
a letter
to me.
by Rita.
by Rita.

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He meets them everyday.
  • Passive  : They are met by him everyday.
  • Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
  • Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
  • Active    : He met them yesterday
  • Passive  : They were met by him yesterday
  • Active    : She watered this plant this morning
  • Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan    setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has met them
  • Passive  : They have been met by him
  • Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
  • Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had met them before I came.
  • Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.
  • Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
  • Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.
  • Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
  • Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
  • Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
  • Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
  • Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would have met them.
  • Passive  : They would have been met by him.
  • Active    : She would have watered this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He is meeting them now.
  • Passive  : They are being met by him now.
  • Active    : She is watering this plant now.
  • Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.



 i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He was meeting them.
  • Passive  : They were being met by him.
  • Active    : She was watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He has been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She has been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He had been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They had been being met by him.
  • Active    : She had been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will be being met by him.
  • Active    : She will be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.



m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He will have been meeting them.
  • Passive  : They will have been being met by him.
  • Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
  • Active    : He would be meeting them.
  • Passive  : They would be being met by him.
  • Active    : She would be watering this plant.
  • Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.